Ivan Pavlov - 1419 Words

Ivan Pavlov A research paper presented to In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course AP Psychology May 24, 2011 Abstract Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian Physiologist that was born in Ryazan. He was born into a Russian Orthodox family and was originally planning to follow in his father’s footsteps as a priest. His high-school training was received in an ecclesiastical seminary in Ryazan. He graduated afterwards from the Natural Sciihck Faculity of the University of St. Petersburg, and in 1879 obtained his M.D. degree from the Medico-Chirurgical Academy in that city. He became a professor of physiology in 1895 at the Imperial Military–Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he did research on the digestive process†¦show more content†¦Under his 45 year direction, this Institute became one of the most important centers of physiological research (Babkin, 1949). In 1890, Pavlov was selected as Professor of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy. Five years later, he was chosen to the then vacant Chair of Physiology, a position he held until 1925. Ivan Pavlov was known for many things. From studying digestion to studying the circulatory system to studying nerves directing the digestive glands, he had an abundance of skill and knowledge. In 1889, he discovered the nerves controlling the gastric glands in which he received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. After setting aside his initial plan to follow his father into priesthood, Pavlov received a medical degree at age 33 and spent the next two decades studying the digestive system; but it wasn’t until the last three decades of his life when he performed the experiments that earned him his fame and significant place in history. Classical conditioning is defined as â€Å"a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events† (Myers 2011). At first, it was his creative mind that set off on an incidental observation. He noticed by putting food in a dogs mouth causes the animal to salivate. Not only did that cause salivation, but the sight of food, smell of food, the food dish, and even the person bringing the food did as well. This sparked his thoughts into trying to imagineShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ivan Petrovich Pavlov1451 Words   |  6 PagesProfile of Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in the village of Ryazan, Russia, the son of Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, who was the village priest. Because he was the son of a priest he went to church school and enrolled in a theology seminar. As the son of a preacher Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was going to follow in his father’s footsteps, that was until he read a book by Charles Darwin called â€Å"The Origin of Species† After reading this book Ivan Pavlov dropped out of his theological studies andRead MoreComparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson978 Words   |  4 Pages In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulusRead MoreIvan Pavlov s Classical Conditioning1441 Words   |  6 PagesAs the 19th century came to a close, the studies of psychology were just beginning. Ivan Pavlov opened the door to the idea of classical conditioning with his tests on salivating dogs. The discoveries brought light to the way both animal and human minds work regarding associative learning. After Pavlov’s experiment, many more experiments came after. Even today Pavlov’s findings are so apparent it seems the id ea of associative learning and conditioning of animals seems to be common sense. Today thereRead MoreEssay about Biography of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov884 Words   |  4 Pagesearned by Ivan Pavlov. His unique background influenced his career greatly. Throughout his life he had many remarkable accomplishments. From dog treats to nerves of the heart, his experiments produced many useful conclusions. Also, his awards and leading positions emphasize his contributions to the many fields of science. Although he focused mostly in physiology, his studies have affected many realms of science, including psychology, and still prove accurate today. On September 14, 1849, Ivan PetrovichRead MoreIvan Pavlov s Theory Of The Conditioned Reflex1706 Words   |  7 Pagesreflex. His name was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov conducted a well-known experiment for teaching a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell when presented with food. This experiment led Ivan Pavlov to become known for his d evelopment on Classical Conditioning, which captured the attention of everyone, especially physiologist and psychologist. Ivan Pavlov was born September, 14, 1849 in Russia. Ivan Pavlov’s father was a priest and his mother was a homemaker. Initially, Pavlov studied theologyRead MoreIvan Pavlov And His Theory Of Natural Selection2463 Words   |  10 PagesIvan Pavlov Inspirations in Early Life Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in the small town of Ryazan, Russia about 100 miles southeast of Moscow. However, he was the oldest out of five children. In one of the poorer areas his father was a priest parishes. In Pavlov earlier years he lived poorly. Pavlov was undecided on what he wanted to pursue as his career. He started in the minister field but later changed his concentration to science. In 1860 he entered the school in the courseRead MoreIvan Pavlov s The First Development Of The Experimental Model Of Learning827 Words   |  4 Pagesnamed Ivan Pavlov was doing research on digestion, which led to the first development of the experimental model of learning. Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. Poverty was always an issue with Pavlov’s family as he was growing up. His father was the priest of the village, where Pavlov attended regularly. Many of Pavlov’s characteristics, including a strong will to succeed was inherited from his father. Pavlov began school at the Ryazan Ecclesiastical High. Pavlov enteredRead MoreA Brilliant Mind : Ivan Pavlov2723 Words   |  11 PagesBrilliant Mind: Ivan Pavlov Shawn Potter College Of Central Florida Ivan Pavlov was born in a difficult time in history, Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryzan, in the rise of communism in Russia. Although today that Pavlov was known more as a Physiologist than a Psychologist, due to Pavlov’s father being a priest, Pavlov’s early studies was in the church to eventually become a priest like his father, although the plan to become a priest diminished after Pavlov read a book thatRead MoreThe Theory of Behaviorism900 Words   |  4 Pagestheorist by the name of Ivan Pavlov was a major contribution to the discovering of significant behavioral theories. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in the small village of Ryazan, Russia. He was the son of Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, who was the village’s own priest. As the son of a priest, Ivan went to church school and attended the theological seminary. The family hoped that Ivan would follow in his father’s footsteps and become a priest as well, but Ivan had other plans. AfterRead MoreClassical Conditioning Paper1235 Words   |  5 PagesTheory of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning came to life through the work of Ivan Pavlov who was a Russian psychologist. Born in Russia, Pavlov first tried to follow in his father’s footsteps by becoming a priest. However, he changed his decision and began to study physiology. It proved to be a wise choice, as later, the work on the physiology of digestion earned him the noble Prize. Pavlov was conducting research on the canine digestive system using information from dog’s salivation

Analysis Of The Movie Boyz N The Hood - 1268 Words

Boyz N the Hood, displays the challenging upbringing of adolescents who have to live with harsh conditions around not only their home but also their surrounding town. The film compares the differences between the lifestyles of Tre Styles and his friends’, Darren and Ricky Baker. Darren and Ricky are half-brothers who are nothing alike. Singleton demonstrates the importance of male leadership in a home in the ghetto of Los Angeles by comparing the difference between the lifestyles of Tre and his friends. While many adolescents in the hood have close friendships, some form close relationships by assembling gangs and create a world of violence due to alcohol abuse, which together ultimately breeds discrimination. The impoverished conditions in which the residents of this community live are difficult based on the surrounding violence and discrimination they face. Tre, Ricky’s best friend, is able to survive the surrounding violence and discrimination through his father’s sensational leadership; he therefore knows what to do in situations he faces among his friends. However, his friends are not so lucky. For example, Dough doesn’t have great leadership or a father figure, but is raised by a single mother who is determined to get her children to succeed; nevertheless, her main focus is Ricky because he has the most potential; he is an athlete who has trouble in school, but obtains All-American in football, looking to get a scholarship to USC. The mother’s lack of leadership overShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Boyz N The Hood 1643 Words   |  7 PagesBoyz N the Hood draws on many topics we talk about in class. Most of the kids in the movie were from broken ho mes (only one biological parent present) and lived in poor living conditions. Even though that was the case some of the kids prospered more than the others and were able to not get involved in gangs, drugs, or violence despite being in a poor environment where they were forced to live. In addition, some was able to continue their education and eventually get out of the environment, but someRead MoreThe Boyz N The Hood Based On Criminology Concept Of The General Strain Theory1622 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this paper, I will analysis the film Boyz N the Hood based on and around the criminology concept of the General Strain Theory. The film Boyz N the Hood depicts a story about an African-American boy growing up in â€Å"the hood† of South Central LA. South Central is a place where on average 1 out of 21 African American men will be die as a result of â€Å"the streets†. African Americans within the African-American community are more susceptible to becoming a casualty to gang affiliation andRead MoreThe Shift of Culture in Compton and the Transcendent Cultural Effect it Formed in America972 Words   |  4 PagesLos Angeles, to a terrorizing image of American culture. The results of this transformation and creation of â€Å"gangsta rap† is still well renowned today. Through de jure segregation, Reagan economics, undermining of black prosperity, N.W.A., and â€Å"Boyz n the Hood†, the city of Compton told its story and became a global image. This paper wi ll analyze the shift of culture in Compton and the transcendent cultural effect it formed in America. Thousands of migrants in the 1920’s - 1950’s envisioned ComptonRead More`` Boyz s The Hood Sociological Essay Analysis And Directed By John Singleton Essay2326 Words   |  10 PagesBoyz N the Hood Sociological Essay In the 1991 drama â€Å"Boyz in the Hood†, Written and Directed by John Singleton. He successfully attempts to portray what life was like and in some areas in America still is for African Americans living in a rough Los Angeles neighborhood. It displays a portrait of the harsh realities that plagues the black community and by displaying uninviting living conditions that is South Central L.A, Singleton aims to share to the world the self-destructive deviant behavior thatRead MoreBlack Culture And The Black Experience1943 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough their sacrifices, as a teacher, mentor, lawyer, military hero, aspiring writer, or wannabe Native American warrior, is able to physically save—or at least morally redeem—the person or community of folks of color, by the film s end. Every movie needs a hero. The hero is a necessary plot device: It anchors the story and gives the audience a character to root for. In Hollywood though, the heroic character is often a whit e savior. The white savior is the well-intentioned, generous, and kind-heartedRead MoreTechnological Advancements And Its Impact On The Modern World1092 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancements may signal a new model for entertainment where anybody who wants to can have a say, the sad truth is that this mindstate is far from the truth. While industry new circuits may herald the renaissance of small directors making it big, a analysis of these directors will come across strikingly uniform. An overwhelming majority of these filmmakers are straight white men, which has been the industry norm in Hollywood since it’s inception of the film industry. In a way smaller bunch hanging outRead MoreThunderheart Analysis1093 Words   |  5 Pageshas his own secret agenda from the whole of the Indian tribe. He is trying to strip mine a sacred area known as Red Dear Table. This Red Dear Table is the starting place of the main water source of the reservation. In Nadell’s essay â€Å"Boyz N the Hood: A Colonial Analysis,† he has uncovered information about the American government agencies: â€Å"[CIA] agents made alliances with any local group willing and able to stem the flow of ‘communist aggression’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nadell 39). This communist aggregation is prevalentRead MoreRacial Stereotypes of Blacks in the Media2217 Words   |  9 Pagesmentally inferior and indolent. Burr points out that in the 1950s, the show Amos n Andy aired on television (162). This show had an all-black cast. Characters Beulah, Buckwheat, Amos, and Kingfish each had an unintelligent aura. The 1950s was an era in which a blacks intelligence or supposed lack thereof was very prevalent. David Shipler author of A Country of Strangers responded saying, The comedy [of Amos n Andy] . . . often turned on dialect, crookedness, laziness, gullibility, and otherRead MoreCrime Prevention Essay3115 Words   |  13 Pagescan be futile. In this paper I will be discussing the jurisdiction of Okl ahoma City, the portion of the criminal justice system my proposal addresses, an analysis of crime statistics in Tallahassee, Florida, San Francisco, California, and Cleveland, Ohio, and how they compare to the national average, what the SARA model and the Problem Analysis Triangle are, the crime prevention strategy I have chosen, my recommendations, and my anticipated outcomes. According to the Lectric Law Library it states

Disasters are Common Wonder in the Human Civilization

A disaster has become a common wonder in the human civilization. It has been experienced by many even before time was recorded. Though it may appear in different forms, it has been proven to be a great challenge for society cross all statuses, creeds, communities, countries and continents. One of the lasts findings have suggested that the disasters have definitely increased in frequency and intensity. People have become more and more vulnerable to disasters of all types, which would include floods, mudslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, plane crashes, hurricanes, shootings, forest fires, etc. Even with the advancement and progress of technological devices, the force of disasters has definitely changed. When these events arise, they exceed all preparedness and willingness of society and pose greater challenges than expected. The heat wave in Europe, where in France nearly over 35,000lives were claimed, In 2005-6, America had to face disasters in forms of hurricanes (Katrina, Ivan, and etc., )and tornados. Haiti in 2010, an earthquake claimed over 316, 000 lives and left over 300,000 injured and homeless. And most recently, Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines, killing 6,000 people and leaving 1,800 people missing. These events caused great causalities. All these events are sufficient examples to prove that disasters are not circumstances to be over looked. Whether it is a natural disaster or manmade disaster the effects and consequences are just as tremendous as the other.Show MoreRelatedEssay on HISTORY1490 Words   |  6 PagesShort Answer 1. Explain the role of river valleys in the development of civilizations. Name at least two river valleys as examples. (10 points) Rivier valleys first and foremost provided water, a basic necessity for humans. It also provided fertile soil for agriculture, which led to settlements and brought hunting and gathering to an end. Once animals and plants were domesticated, and basic advances occurred these civilizations made irrigation systems from the rivers. Transportation was also easierRead MoreEnlightenment Assessment : The Ideal Of Reason1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdictatorship and terror. These forced to question the possibility of a â€Å"social contract.† Moreover, the awareness of the inhumanity of the capitalist system tarnished the ideals of absolute reason and progress. Gradually, the belief in progress and the human mind gave way to pessimism. The paper will assess the rationality of Enlightenment and its perception in the modern world. Since antiquity, the philosophers embraced the view that the mind was the authority responsible for the truth and the adequateRead MoreConceptualizing Global Environmental Politics Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesbegins with the question that Ramachandra Guha leaves the reader in his conclusion of the global history of environmentalism: he asks â€Å"one world or two?† In other words, Guha challenges the reader to wonder whether humanity will be able to cooperate on a global scale to avert environmental disaster, or if we will be forever mired in the North vs. South debate with â€Å"the industrialized and mainly affluent countries of the North [on one side] and†¦ the industrializing and mostly still-poor countriesRead MoreEgyptian Contributions And Greek Culture1678 Words   |  7 PagesTHESIS STATEMENT Egyptian contributions were critical to the development of Greek culture. The Nile Valley civilization is the basis of philosophy, science, and medicine that is often times solely credited to the Greeks. PURPOSE STATEMENT After thorough research and analysis the Nile Valley Contributions to Greek civilization are evident. THE BEGINNINGS Ancient Greece is regarded as the beginnings of advanced sciences and philosophies and the fundamentals of the western world. For years, Greek cultureRead MoreWhat Caused the Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization? Essay2582 Words   |  11 PagesIt is still a great mystery how the Mayan civilization disappeared. This complex society reached its zenith around approximately 750 AD. However, within the next two hundred years, this civilization which was epic in its time collapsed and disappeared leaving minimal traces and even more scanty detail about what could have caused this disappearance. This knowledge gap has led to a lot of debate among scholars over the various possible reasons behind what seems to us to be the abandonment and desertionRead MoreThe Pyramids Of Ancient Egypt1614 Words   |  7 Pages Within the deserts of Egypt lie the ruins of a colossal ancient civilization. Of all the seven wonders of the Ancient World, these are the only ones that we have been allowed to appreciate as they are they only ones still around today. These are, of course, the great pyramids of ancient Egypt. It is obvious that these structures had a purpose for the ancient Egyptians and were not built simply to impress future generations. While they seem basic in form, as they are simply four-sided pyramids withRead MoreThe Role Of Television And Its Effect On Our Lives1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe human evolution is characterized by a strong technological development and constant strive to ameliorate and facilitate our daily lives. With the creation of television and making it easily accessible for everybody, it has been positioned in the heart of every home, becoming a vital source of information and a key recreational activity. However, as well as being a main type of entertainment for every ho me, television is also a silent source of anxiety. Through imbedding itself in our daily livesRead More Rap Music Is Not Music Essay1786 Words   |  8 Pagestechnique that â€Å"Rap Music† demonstrably utilizes is both a sham and a canard that is trafficking affected teens down a treacherous One-Way-Street that leads only to a permanent lackluster socio-economic cul-de-sac. What a pathetic and ignoble social disaster! In the ‘50s and early ‘60s black rhythm and blues imaginatively captured the hopes, the dreams, the ideals and the aspirations of both white and black teens as portrayed in the quality music of Chuck Berry and Fats Domino. Early black music wasRead MoreInca Empire Essay3279 Words   |  14 PagesWe know from history many various civilizations. Civilizations like Sumerian (4000 BC), Egyptian (3000 BC), Minoan (2000 BC), and Babylonian (1700 BC). Later, the Greek civilization, throughout the Macedonian empire, ranged as far east as northern India and as far south and west as Egypt. Then Romans were the rulers of the whole area from Constantinopole, to Palestine and North Africa to Britain. After centuries, the Vikings, people from what is now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, established coloniesRead MoreIssues in the Malaysia Tourism Industry2555 Words   |  11 Pagesdropped 30%. (2) The destruction of the tourism resources Wars, terrorist attacks and natural disasters may destroy the tourism resources, the traveling facilities, the road and traffic infrastructures and so on. In the Iraq War, there were massive heritages and attractions got damaged or lost. These cultural relics are the historical testimony from the Mesopotamia civilization to the Islam civilization and also very important tourism resources in Iraq even in the whole world. (3) The pollution of

Qualitative And Quantitative Methods Of A Humanitarian...

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Marketing Environment of Nestle-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a report on Marketing in an International Environment. Answer: Introduction Marketing is an important element for every organisation which enhances the chances of survival and growth of the business. Market analysis is an important aspect which helps in the analysis of the different factors present in the business environment along with their impact on the performance of the business. Different strategies are being adopted by the companies for promoting its products and services. This report covers the discussion of the background of the company, analysis of the micro and macro factors of the business environment and competitor analysis. Recommendations will be made for providing suggestions for enhancing the brand image and promoting the products offered. Background of the company For the purpose of discussing the different aspects of this report, an organisation has been selected. Name of the organisation is Nestle which is operating in the Food processing industry. Nestle was founded by Henri Nestle in the year 1866. Its headquarter is located in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland and is engaged in providing quality services all around the globe. According to the data collected in the year 2016, it has a strong employee base of around 335,000 employees. Profit of Nestle in the year 2016 was CHF8.88 billion. Nestle is financially stable and this has helped in execution of its operations in an effective manner. Nestle is one of the largest food and beverage company which is having more than 2000 brands. It is operating in more than 191 countries all around the globe. It is offering different products to its customers for matching with their expectations and dealing with the competitors. For gaining a competitive advantage over its competitors, it has used innovative tec hnology including digital innovation. It has centralised expertise in system technology with a motive to bring the technology together for combining products and machines. These products include coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, bottled water, baby food, pet food, ice creams, confectionery, baked food, healthcare nutrition, infant food and yoghurt. Nestle is operating in different markets effectively and has established strong relationship with its retailers. It has effectively utilised research and development capabilities for the success and growth of the business. It holds large amount of market share which acts as its strength. There are few weaknesses of Nestle which can affect its growth. It is dependent on the sales of few well-recognised brands. Nestle is dependent on the advertisement which has increased its cost (Nestle, 2017). The purpose of Nestle is to enhance the quality of life of the customers and ensuring a healthy future for the society. Nestle is focusing on meeting the responsibilities towards the society for enhancing the quality of life of the society. Different strategies have been adopted by Nestle for promoting the products and services offered by it. Nestle is coping with the changing business environment so as to deal with changes taking place in the business environment. Its strategy is to provide quality products and meeting the expectations of the customers. It is planning to expand the area of operation it is adopting different marketing strategies for promoting the product in new markets and grabbing the opportunities available. It has effectively and efficiently utilised the resources available with it for enhancing its performance and providing quality products to the customers. It is planning to promote its product KitKat in the York market a city of England for expansion of the are a of operation and enhancing its customer base. The analysis will be done in the market of York for enhancing the image of the brand by promoting the products offered (Nestle, 2017). Figure 1: Marketing Source: (Docur8ed, 2016) Market selection PESTLE analysis Factors Analysis Political factors Political factors of different countries are different which can affect the performance of the company. KitKat is a product which is offered all around the world. Change in the political factors of the York can affect the growth of the company. Nestle is operating from a very long period and has established a healthy relationship with the political parties. Eyebrows have been raised in few countries which have affected the performance of the company (Haseeb, 2017). Economic factors Economic factors include tax rates, inflation rates, wage rates and interest rates which can affect the sales of the company. The increase in the interest rates can affect the borrowing capacity of the company. If the wage rates increases then this will increase the production cost of the KitKat. Fall in the income level of the people will result in fall in the purchasing power of the company. This will result in fall in the sales of the KitKat. Social factors Demand, taste and preference of the customers are changing due to which demand of the products get affected. In this changing environment, customers are more concerned for their health and the ingredients used in the product. Nestle need to consider the taste, preference and concern of the customers so as to enhance the sales of the company. The quality of the products affects the demand for the products. KitKat is a reasonable product is acting as an advantage and attracting the customers towards it (Nestle, 2008). Technological factors Change in the technology used for the production of products also creates an impact on the production cost of the company as well as the time involved in the production of the products. The demand of KitKat is growing and for the purpose of meeting the growing demand, there is a need to use technology for enhancing the productivity of the company and meeting the demand of KitKat. Legal factors For the health and safety of public, laws, rules and regulations are changing. These changes in the rules and regulations are affecting the manner in which companies are operating within the boundary of a nation. Rules and regulations are formulated for the safety of the customers as well as for the employees which must be complied by Nestle (ICMAI, 2012). Environmental factors Companies must follow rules and regulations for the safety of the environment formulated in England. Nestle has stopped using plastic for packaging of KitKat so as to protect the environment for pollution. SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Nestle is a well-established company which is having strong employee base. Its products are reasonable which attracts the customers. It has gained a competitive advantage over its competitors due to its pricing policies and availability. It is having a financial stability which has helped Nestle in coping with the economic changes in the nation (Soni, 2010). Nestle can enhance the quality of its product KitKat for meeting the needs of the health conscious customers. There is no special feature available in KitKat which acts as a weakness. Flavour of KitKat is same for every season and this flavour can be changed according to the season. Nestle has not changed the packaging of KitKat (Corona, 2014). Opportunities Threats KitKat can expand the area of operations so as to enhance its customer base. KitKat can be offered in different flavours for attracting customers. Nestle can offer KitKat for different occasions for attracting the customers as it can be used as a substitute for sweets (Soni, 2010). Competition is increasing and various companies are offering products on same rates. Change in the economic condition can affect the production cost and profitability of the business. Recent issues related to other products of Nestle can affect the sales of KitKat (Hershey Co. Marketing Team, 2014). Target market or Market Segmentation Nestle has targeted York market so as to promote KitKat and enhance the sales of KitKat. Segmenting must be done in an effective manner as it creates an impact on the sales and profitability of the company. For promoting sales of KitKat, Nestle is segmenting the market on the basis of economic criteria, behavioural criteria, demographic criteria and social criteria. KitKat has been reasonably priced so as to attract the customers. KitKat is light and can be consumed by the customers as snacks. This feature of the product has helped in attracting the customers. Another criterion is demographic criteria and KitKat is a light product which is suitable for people belonging from different age groups. People are focused on quality of the products offered and their lifestyle also affects the choice of product (Agante, 2013). Competitor analysis Market share: The market share of KitKat in different nations is increasing due to the availability as well as the affordable price of the product. KitKat is in the market for a very long period which provided a competitive advantage to Nestle and contributed towards the increase in the sales of the company. For coping with the increasing competition, it has adopted a reasonable pricing policy and wide availability. These aspects have resulted in a rise in the sales of the product (Ahmed, 2015).Positioning: Nestle has made KitKat available at different places such as supermarkets, departmental stores and local stores so as to expand the reach of the product. This wide availability has enhanced the sales of KitKat Marketing mix: elements of the marketing mix are discussed below: Product: Nestle is offering KitKat in different sizes so as to suits to the requirement of the customers. KitKat is widely recognised in the different markets due to availability in different sizes. This step has been taken by Nestle with a motive to convince the customers of different income group and age group (Schneiderova, et. al., 2010). Price:KitKat is affordably priced which has acted as an advantage for it and helped in attracting the customers of different income level (Presswire, 2011). Place: Nestle has made KitKat available at different places for ensuring that customers can consume their product. This ease of the availability of the product has encouraged customers for purchasing KitKat. Promotion: KitKat has been promoted on social media platforms as well as advertisements (Bhasin, 2016). Marketing strategies: Nestle has used different marketing strategies for the promotion of its popular product KitKat. It has adopted social media marketing strategy, pricing strategy, market segmentation strategy and target strategy. For the promotion of KitKat and interacting with the customers in a better manner, Nestle has used social media platforms (Anon, 2012). These social media platforms have helped in covering a large area at a minimal cost which has reduced the cost and efforts of Nestle for the promotion of KitKat. Nestle has divided the market into different on the basis of economic, behavioural, demographic and social aspects. All these aspects have helped in enhancing the reputation among the customers and gaining their attention (Presswire, 2015). KitKat is an affordable product which is being preferred by people of different income level. For the purpose of targeting the customers of different places, same messages are being used so as to attract the customers. These same messages have used for encouraging undifferentiated marketing strategy for attracting the customers (Kamath, 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that Nestle is performing well and one of its popular product KitKat is doing well in the different markets. For the purpose of analysis of the impact of macro factors on the company and product offered by it, PESTLE analysis has been done. SWOT analysis for the product KitKat is done so as to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the products and various opportunities available to it and threats which can adversely affect the performance of KitKat. Competitor analysis has been done for analysing the market share of KitKat, the basis of segmentation and positioning of the product in the market. Marketing strategies are adopted by the company for the promotion of the product offered. Nestle has adopted different marketing strategies for its popular product KitKat. These marketing strategies include social media platform marketing strategy, market segmentation strategy and target strategy. Recommendations Thus, from the above discussion, few recommendations can be provided to Nestle for the promotion of KitKat as well as enhancing the sales of KitKat. These recommendations are mentioned below: KitKat can be offered for different occasions and different packaging for enhancing the performance by attracting the customers. People prefer these attractive packages for special occasions. Nestle can offer KitKat in different flavours as it will encourage customers for purchasing the product. Feedbacks can be taken from the different customers regarding the new flavours offered by Nestle to its customers. These feedbacks can be used for implementing changes as per the needs and taste of the customers. References Agante, L., 2013, A Marketing Strategy for Gelados Nestl based on the Young Adults, School of Business and Economics. Ahmed, S. S. S., 2015, Competitors Analysis And Financial Analysis Of Maximus Mobile, BRAC University. Anon, 2012, Nestle tests internal social network to boost innovation,Marketing Week, p.5. Bhasin, H., 2016, Marketing mix of Kitkat by Nestle Kitkat Marketing mix, Marketing91. Corona, E. M., 2014, Comparison Of Marketing Policies Applied By The Same Company In Different Countries And Analysis Of The Reasons For The Differences, ADDI. Docur8ed, 2016, 63 Sales, Marketing, And Content Professionals Share Examples Of Great Content Marketing, Docurated. Haseeb, 2017, Pestle Analysis of Kit Kat, Marketing Dawn. Hershey Co. Marketing Team, 2014, Recommendations Report: The Hershey Company, Wordpress. ICMAI, 2012, Strategic performance management, ICMAI. Kamath, V., 2016, Ahead of festival season, Nestle India readies premium chocolates foray with Alpino,Businessline, p.25. Nestle, 2008, Nestle Annual report 2008, Nestle. Nestle, 2017, About us, Nestle. Accessed on: 20 August 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.nestle.com/aboutus Presswire, 2011. Research and Markets: Biscuits Cakes Market Report Plus 2010.M2 Presswire, pp.M2 Presswire, Feb 11, 2011. Presswire, 2015, MEC appoints new Head of Digital Strategy to drive digital innovation,M2 Presswire, pp.M2 Presswire, August 18, 2015. Schneiderova, K., Merkel, S., Kltzer, N., Wiese, C., Weimer, S. Schrder, N., 2010, Strategic Analysis of Nestl and its Competitor Kraft Foods, Web Garden. Soni, K., 2010, A comparative study of Cadbury India Ltd. and Nestle India Ltd, pp.ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

Biography of Nikki Giovanni Essay Example For Students

Biography of Nikki Giovanni Essay Nikki Giovanni was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, on June 7, 1943.Giovanni is the youngest oftwosisters, spent her childhood with her parents older sister Gary. Shortly after her birth, the family moved first to Woodlawn,Ohio, then to Wyoming, Ohio, and ultimately to the black community of Lincoln Heights, Ohio.In 1960, enrolled early at Fisk University, a prestigious, all-black college in Nashville, Tennessee.After receiving her bachelor of arts degree in 1967, she organized the Black Arts Festival in Cincinnati before entering graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. In 1969, Giovanni took a teaching position at Rutgers University. That year she also gave birth to her son, Thomas. Giovannis work shifted focus after the birth of her son and she made several recordings of her poetry. After her sons birth, Giovanni rearranged her priorities around him and has stated that she would give her life for him. Nikki Giovanni is a well known African-American poet and a civil rights activist.Giovannis poetry expresses strong racial pride and respect for family. Thecivil rightsandBlack powermovements inspired her early poetry that was collected inBlack Feeling, Black Talk(1967),Black Judgement(1968), andReCreation(1970). Giovannis first published volumes of poetry grew out of her response to the assassinations of such figures as Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, and Robert Kennedy, and the need she saw to raise awareness of the rights of black people. Nikki Giovanni accomplished many things,Keys to more than two dozen American cities, including New York, Miami, Los Angeles, and New Orleans, American Book Award, The Rosa Parks Woman of Courage Award, first recipient, and others as well.Giovanni has received numerous awards and accolades for her work including multiple NAACP Image Awards, the Langston Hughes Award for Distinguished Contributions to Arts and Letters and many more. Giovanni has been known for many of her poem s. For exampleLove is, Choices, You came, too and Life cycles,many more. Many of Giovannis poems were about life and her life. Giovannis poems were inspired by her family, but especially her grandmother which has been a great influence for writing her poems and being a civil rights activist. Giovanni is currently working at the University Professor atVirginia Tech.In 2007, TheVirginia Tech shooting occurred andshe delivered a chant-poem at a memorial for the shooting victims.